Expert or Quack? Recognizing the real health, nutrition, exercise, and wellness experts

There is a proliferation of ‘experts’ on social media who claim to have a magic or singular approach for dieting, weight loss, quick fitness gains, and overall health. It’s challenging to tell the difference between an expert and someone only interested in selling something. How do you know what works and what is just the latest fad? 

Everyone loves the idea of a fast solution for losing weight and getting healthy. Unfortunately, there is no magic pill, and the promise of a quick fix can be the very thing that prevents you from achieving your long-term health goals. Even if you are cautious, it isn’t easy to differentiate the true experts from someone trying to sell you a product or quick-fix solution that doesn’t work and can even be dangerous for your health.

Below are tips to help you weed out the “wellness” imposters from your social media feed. 

Do their credentials align with the subject? Many high-profile, highly credentialed individuals give health advice beyond their training. Just because you eat and move your body does not make you an expert on nutrition and exercise.

Anyone can share their personal story of what has worked for them, but they cannot and should not be prescribing the same approach as the answer for everyone. And they should not be counseling others without proper education to customize personalized approaches for each individual.

For example, personal trainers can talk about healthier foods and the importance of eating a healthy and balanced diet. Yet, in Minnesota (and many other states), personal trainers cannot give you a nutrition plan. That is outside their credentials or educational background. They absolutely should not be selling or recommending specific micronutrients and supplements.  

Is there evidence of practice scope creep? Do your research to understand the credentials individuals have and determine what their scope of practice is with that credential. For example, a health coach is an individual who has typically received a coaching certificate for completing ~32 to ~75  hours of training. That is equivalent to less than one to two college courses. A health coach is trained to take you through a process of asking questions and helping you determine what you should do next to change or move towards your goals. They are NOT educated to give you specific or personalized health advice with only a coaching certificate without additional education. Sometimes degreed professionals also have coaching certificates to expand their scope of practice.

Another example is someone promoting themselves as a ‘Dr.’, but their degree is in another field, such as a doctor of chiropractic degree or a Ph.D. in philosophy. That degree alone may not give them the expertise to give dietary or weight loss plans, prescribe supplements, or exercise programs outside of treating the injury. 

Do they showcase scientific literacy? If they speak in absolutes, probably not.

As new research comes out, science is constantly evolving, and so should recommendations. Experts in their field will describe the nuances that come with any recommendation. 

For example, a registered dietitian nutritionist will never speak in absolutes about one diet being the only diet for weight loss. Nutrition and exercise programs should be personalized to an individual’s health history, activity level, and goals. 

Remember, it’s easy for someone to cherry-pick scientific articles and quickly cite references or research that substantiates their recommendations. Experts consider the totality of the research. True experts will evolve their thinking on a particular topic as the research progresses. 

Are their recommendations black and white? Absolute statements should be a red flag. If we’ve learned anything over the years, people are individuals, and their health needs are individualized. Experts provide nuanced recommendations and caveats based on individual situations and goals, not absolutes generalized to everyone. They are most likely to use caveats such as ‘it depends,’ ‘in some situations,’ and ‘for these circumstances’ rather than words like ‘must’ and ‘should.’

Your background, culture, traditions, desires, likes, and dislikes should play into any recommendations. No expert will tell you that you should eliminate certain foods or that only specific exercises done in a certain way or frequency will improve your health. 

Do their statements recognize individual differences? Take note if anyone is trying to give recommendations without knowing your health history, habits, and personal goals. This black-and-white thinking gets followers—vegan versus the carnivores, powerlifting versus functional training—but it confuses everyone and serves no one. And, if you are older and have chronic conditions or other health issues, it can be dangerous. 

Do they have established real-world experience? When you work with people, you learn a lot about how to help people change their behavior to improve their health in realistic ways and without injury. Sometimes what is happening in the real world is ahead of science. 

Seasoned health practitioners with an evidenced-based practice will always incorporate their hands-on experience, the weight of peer-reviewed literature, and the needs of the individual, along with client/patient preferences, in their recommendations. 

Will they profit from their recommendation? Experts are often spokespeople for products. They can say they only work with companies they trust and use their products personally. That is probably true, but consumers are savvy. These relationships create distrust. We’re not saying that this alone should make you question credibility, but pay attention to it. 

Assess whether someone is science-based. Look at the information they are presenting and their credentials. 

Is it more anecdotal promising a quick fix, or is it based on recent media hype?

You can learn from others' experiences, but they may not be the right people to advise you.

Science follows a hierarchy. Anecdotes, observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses of RCTs. Science-based experts look at the entire body of literature before making recommendations for an individual. Major organizations, like the American Heart Association, create position stands by weighing all the evidence.  When you understand the research, you realize recommendations need to be tailored to the individual. 

Lastly, true experts in a specific field will readily display their education and certification credentials, discuss their specialties and experience, and help with referrals to an expert in areas where they’re not qualified. 

It can be challenging to distill an expert from a good marketer. Take your time, review their recommendations, listen to your gut, and use these tips to help you decide if their advice is right for you.